Second-Order Science and Policy

Towards a General Methodology for Second-Order Science

In recent years a new science frontier emerged under the umbrella term of second-order science which creates new and challenging problems through a characteristic re-entry-operation like in pattern of patterns, learning of learning, cybernetics of cybernetics or logic of logic, which works with and on building blocks or elements of traditional or first-order scientific research and which, due t...

science, technology and innovation policy

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CVaR Reduced Fuzzy Variables and Their Second Order Moments

Based on credibilistic value-at-risk (CVaR) of regularfuzzy variable, we introduce a new CVaR reduction method fortype-2 fuzzy variables. The reduced fuzzy variables arecharacterized by parametric possibility distributions. We establishsome useful analytical expressions for mean values and secondorder moments of common reduced fuzzy variables. The convex properties of second order moments with ...

Science and public policy.

History of science and American science policy.

Historians of science have participated actively in debates over American science policy in the post-World War II period in a variety of ways, but their impact has been more to elucidate general concepts than to effect specific policy changes. Personal experiences, in the case of the debate over global warming, have demonstrated both the value and the limits of such involvement for the making o...